How old do you have to be to become a pilot?

You can start flight lessons at any age, fly solo at 16, and obtain a Private Pilot License (PPL) at 17. Commercial Pilot License (CPL) requires age 18, and Airline Transport Pilot License (ATPL) requires age 21 in most countries. There's no upper age limit to start training, though airline hiring typically stops around age 60-65 due to mandatory retirement ages.

Do pilots need perfect vision to fly?

No! You can wear glasses or contact lenses. For airline pilots (Class 1 medical), vision must be correctable to 20/20 (6/6). Some color vision deficiencies are acceptable depending on severity. LASIK and PRK are generally accepted after a healing period. Get an aviation medical exam early to confirm your eligibility before investing in training.

Is 30, 40, or 50 too old to become an airline pilot?

Absolutely not! Many successful airline pilots started their careers in their 30s or 40s. Airlines value maturity, life experience, and career changers often make excellent pilots. A 35-year-old could have 25+ years of flying ahead. The key is ensuring the return on investment makes sense for your situation—consult with career advisors.

Can I become a pilot with a medical condition or disability?

Many conditions that were once disqualifying now have paths to certification through Special Issuance medical certificates. Diabetes (even insulin-dependent), heart conditions, mental health history, and many other conditions can be evaluated case-by-case. AOPA and aviation medical consultants can help navigate the process. Always consult an Aviation Medical Examiner (AME) before starting training.

How long does it take to become an airline pilot?

With full-time integrated training, you can be airline-ready in 18-24 months, but you'll still need to build hours. Realistically, expect 2-4 years from zero experience to your first airline job (regional carriers). Reaching a major airline captain position typically takes 10-15 years total. Part-time/modular training extends this timeline but offers flexibility.

Do I need a university degree to become a pilot?

In Europe and most of the world, no degree is required—only proper pilot certifications. In the United States, major airlines historically preferred degrees, but this is changing due to pilot shortages. Regional airlines don't require degrees. Having a degree can help with career advancement and provides a backup career path.

How much do airline pilots earn?

Salaries vary greatly by region, airline, and seniority. In the US, regional airline first officers start around $50-80K, while major airline captains can exceed $400K. European pilots typically earn €60K-€200K. Middle East carriers offer tax-free packages of $150K-$350K+. Seniority is everything—pay increases significantly with years at an airline.

What's the difference between EASA and FAA licenses?

EASA (European) licenses are valid across 31 European countries. FAA (American) licenses are primarily for US operations but are recognized worldwide for training. Converting between them requires additional exams and flight tests. Many pilots train FAA (often cheaper) then convert to EASA. Choose based on where you want to work long-term.

Is there really a pilot shortage?

Yes, it's significant and projected to continue through 2040+. Boeing estimates 600,000+ new pilots needed globally. Factors include retirements, fleet growth, and reduced military pipeline. This creates excellent job security and bargaining power for qualified pilots. Airlines are raising pay and improving conditions to attract candidates.

Can I finance my flight training?

Yes, multiple options exist: bank loans, specialized aviation lenders (like ATP Flight Financing, Pilot Finance), airline cadet programs (often with loans or sponsorship), military service (free training), scholarships (AOPA, Women in Aviation, EAA), and family financing. Some flight schools offer payment plans. Calculate ROI carefully before taking on debt.

What's the lifestyle like for airline pilots?

It varies by airline and seniority. New pilots often work holidays, weekends, and less desirable routes. Senior pilots can hold better schedules, often flying 12-15 days per month with longer breaks. Long-haul pilots may have several days off in international cities. Work-life balance improves significantly with seniority.

Is becoming a pilot worth it in 2026 and beyond?

For those passionate about aviation, yes. The pilot shortage is driving salaries up and improving working conditions. Job security is excellent. However, it requires significant investment ($60K-$150K) and dedication. Carefully consider your financial situation, career timeline, and passion for flying before committing.

2026 Ultimate Guide

How to Become a
Pilot

Your comprehensive roadmap from zero experience to the airline cockpit, written by Captain Joe—an airline pilot with 17+ years of experience and over 2 million YouTube subscribers.

Covers licenses (PPL, CPL, ATPL), medical requirements, training routes, costs, and career paths in the US, Europe, and worldwide.

Get the Full Masterclass Compare Training Routes

600K+

New pilots needed globally by 2040

$400K+

Top captain salaries (US majors)

18-24

Months for integrated training

No Limit

Upper age to start training

Must-Read Article

10 Costly Mistakes to Avoid When Becoming a Pilot

Save $10,000+ by learning what NOT to do during your training

Read Article

The Journey

6 Steps to Become an Airline Pilot

From your first decision to your first airline flight, here's the proven path thousands of pilots have followed.

Step 1

Set Your Goal & Research the Industry

Decide what type of pilot you want to be—airline, cargo, private, helicopter, or military. Research current job markets, airline hiring trends, and which regions have the best opportunities. Your goal determines your entire training path and timeline.

Step 2

Get Your Aviation Medical Certificate

Pass a Class 1 medical examination conducted by an Aviation Medical Examiner (AME). This is mandatory before starting flight training. The exam includes vision, hearing, cardiovascular, and neurological tests. Get this done first to ensure you qualify before investing in training.

Step 3

Complete Ground School Training

Master aviation theory including aerodynamics, meteorology, navigation, air law, human performance, and flight planning. This can be done through flight schools, online courses, or self-study. Plan for 6-12 months depending on your schedule.

Step 4

Earn Your Private Pilot License (PPL)

Complete your Private Pilot License with a minimum of 45 hours of flight time (EASA) or 40 hours (FAA), including solo flights, cross-country navigation, and night flying. This is your foundation—take your time to build strong fundamentals.

Step 5

Obtain Commercial Licenses (CPL/IR/ATPL)

Progress to your Commercial Pilot License (CPL), add an Instrument Rating (IR), and complete ATPL theory. Multi-engine rating is essential for airline careers. Total training takes 18-24 months in integrated programs or 2-4 years modular.

Step 6

Build Flight Hours & Get Type Rated

Gain experience through flight instructing, charter operations, or regional airlines to meet airline requirements (typically 500-1500 hours). Complete type rating on specific aircraft (Boeing 737, Airbus A320, etc.) when hired by an airline.

Pilot Licenses & Ratings

Understanding PPL, CPL, and ATPL

Each license builds on the previous one, expanding your privileges and career options.

PPL

Private Pilot License

45+

minimum flight hours

Min. Age

17+

Duration

3-6 months

$10,000-$15,000

Fly for personal use, carry passengers non-commercially

CPL

Commercial Pilot License

200+

minimum flight hours

Min. Age

18+

Duration

12-18 months

$40,000-$60,000

Get paid to fly as a professional pilot

ATPL

Airline Transport Pilot License

1500+

minimum flight hours

Min. Age

21+

Duration

2-5 years total

$80,000-$150,000

Command multi-crew aircraft at airlines

Important: Additional Ratings Required

Beyond these licenses, airline pilots also need an Instrument Rating (IR) for flying in clouds/low visibility, Multi-Engine Rating (ME) for aircraft with two or more engines, and a Type Rating for specific aircraft like the Boeing 737 or Airbus A320. These are included in most integrated programs.

Training Options

Choose Your Training Path

There's no single "best" route - each has advantages depending on your situation, budget, and timeline.

Integrated ATPL Program

Full-time intensive training from zero to airline-ready in 18-24 months. All training at one school with structured curriculum.

Pros

•Fastest route to airlines
•Structured environment
•Often includes type rating
•Airline partnerships

Cons

•Most expensive ($100K+)
•Full-time commitment required
•Less flexibility

Best for: Young career changers with savings or financing

Modular Training

Build licenses step-by-step at your own pace. Can work between modules and choose different schools for each rating.

Pros

•Flexible scheduling
•Can work while training
•Often cheaper overall
•Choose best schools for each license

Cons

•Takes longer (3-5 years)
•Requires self-discipline
•No airline partnerships

Best for: Those who need to work while training

Military Pathway

Join the Air Force, Navy, or other military branches for world-class training at no cost. Requires service commitment.

Pros

•Free training
•Exceptional instruction
•Leadership development
•Highly respected by airlines

Cons

•8-12 year commitment
•Competitive selection
•Not guaranteed pilot slot
•May fly non-commercial aircraft

Best for: Those seeking military service with aviation

Cadet Programs

Airline-sponsored programs where carriers select and train future pilots with job guarantees upon completion.

Pros

•Guaranteed job
•Often financed
•Direct airline entry
•Mentorship

Cons

•Highly competitive
•Bonded to one airline
•Limited availability

Best for: Those meeting strict cadet criteria

Career Options

Pilot Career Paths & Salaries

Your license opens doors to diverse aviation careers. Here are the most common paths and what you can expect to earn.

Airline Pilot (Captain/First Officer)

Fly passengers for major carriers like Lufthansa, Emirates, Delta, or British Airways. Most competitive but highest pay and benefits. Excellent job security and retirement packages.

$80K-$400K+Strong demand through 2040

Cargo & Freight Pilot

Transport goods for FedEx, UPS, DHL, Amazon Air, or cargo operators. Often better schedules than passenger airlines with competitive pay.

$70K-$350K+Growing rapidly with e-commerce

Corporate/Business Jet Pilot

Fly private jets for Fortune 500 companies, celebrities, or charter operators. Varied destinations, smaller crew, more personal flying experience.

$60K-$200K+Steady growth

Flight Instructor (CFI)

Teach the next generation of pilots while building hours. Essential stepping stone for most airline careers. Immediate employment after certification.

$30K-$80KHigh demand worldwide

Bush/Safari Pilot

Fly to remote areas in Alaska, Africa, or the Australian Outback. Challenging conditions build exceptional skills. Adventure lifestyle.

$40K-$100KNiche but stable

Helicopter Pilot

Medical evacuation, offshore oil, news, tours, or military. Different license path but excellent opportunities in specific sectors.

$50K-$150KGrowing in EMS and offshore

Global Opportunities

Becoming a Pilot by Region

Training requirements, costs, and job markets vary significantly by region. Here's what you need to know.

United States (FAA)

World's largest aviation market with severe pilot shortage. 1500-hour ATP requirement but many pathways including regional airlines at 1000 hours with restricted ATP.

Training

Abundant flight schools, especially in Florida, Arizona, and California. Part 141 schools offer structured programs.

Job Market

Major hiring at regionals (SkyWest, Republic, Envoy) with fast upgrades to majors (United, Delta, American). Starting salary $50-80K at regionals.

Pro Tip: Get CFI to build hours. Consider military for free training. Major airlines hiring 10,000+ pilots annually.

Read Complete US Training Guide

Europe (EASA)

Unified licensing across 31 countries. 'Frozen ATPL' system means you hold ATPL theory but CPL privileges until meeting experience requirements.

Training

Quality schools in Spain, Portugal, UK, Germany. Often cheaper to train in southern Europe due to weather.

Job Market

Ryanair, easyJet, Lufthansa Group, and others hiring steadily. Type rating often self-funded (€25-40K for A320/B737).

Pro Tip: Consider cadet programs from Lufthansa, BA, or KLM. UK post-Brexit now has separate CAA requirements.

Read Complete Europe Training Guide

Middle East

Premium carriers (Emirates, Qatar, Etihad) offer excellent packages but typically hire experienced pilots. Some cadet programs available.

Training

Limited local training; most pilots train in US, Europe, or Australia then apply.

Job Market

Tax-free salaries, housing, travel benefits. Highly competitive. Typically need 3000+ hours for direct entry.

Pro Tip: Build experience elsewhere first. Network at aviation events. Emirates and Qatar have cadet programs.

Read Complete Middle East & Asia-Pacific Guide

Asia-Pacific

Fastest growing aviation market. China, India, and Southeast Asia facing massive pilot shortages. Good opportunities for foreign pilots.

Training

Australia popular for training due to English and weather. Some programs in Philippines and Malaysia.

Job Market

Chinese airlines paying premium salaries for expat captains. Singapore Airlines, Cathay Pacific, ANA hiring.

Pro Tip: Learn about specific country requirements. Some require language proficiency. Contract terms vary significantly.

Read Complete Asia-Pacific Guide

Health Requirements

Aviation Medical Certificates

Before investing in flight training, get your medical certificate to confirm you meet health requirements.

Class 1 Medical

Airline & commercial pilots (ATPL/CPL holders)

Valid: 12 months (6 months if over 40)

Tests: Comprehensive vision including color, hearing, cardiovascular ECG, neurological, blood/urine analysis, psychological evaluation

Tip: Get this FIRST before investing in training

Class 2 Medical

Commercial pilots with limitations

Valid: 12-24 months (age dependent)

Tests: Similar to Class 1 but with less stringent cardiovascular requirements

Tip: Sufficient for some commercial operations

Class 3 / BasicMed

Private pilots (PPL holders only)

Valid: 24-60 months (age dependent)

Tests: Basic vision, hearing, and general physical examination

Tip: Easiest to obtain and maintain

Worried about a medical condition? Many conditions are now acceptable with Special Issuance certificates. Consult with an Aviation Medical Examiner (AME) or contact AOPA's medical certification services for free guidance before assuming you're disqualified.

What to Expect

A Day in the Life of an Airline Pilot

Curious what your future workday looks like? Here's a typical short-haul flight day.